CONTROL OF EXEMPTION CLAUSES ORDINANCE ——附加英文版
Hong Kong
CONTROL OF EXEMPTION CLAUSES ORDINANCE
(CHAPTER 71)
CONTENTS
ion
I PRELIMINARY
hort title
nterpretation and application
he "reasonableness" test
Dealing as consumer"
arieties of exemption clause
ower to amend Schedules 1 and 2
II CONTROL OF EXEMPTION CLAUSES
dance of liability for negligence, breach of contract, etc.
egligence liability
iability arising in contract
nreasonable indemnity clauses Liability arising from sale or
supply of
s
"Guarantee" of consumer goods
Seller's liability
Miscellaneous contracts under which goods pass Other provisions
about
racts
Effect of breach on "reasonableness" test
Evasion by means of secondary contract
Arbitration agreements
III CIRCUMSTANCES WHERE CONTROL DOES NOT APPLY
International supply contracts
Choice of law clauses
Saving for other relevant legislation
Application
IV CONSEQUENTIAL AND OTHER AMENDMENTS
(Omitted)
dule 1. Scope of sections 7, 8, 9 and 12
dule 2. "Guidelines" for application of reasonableness test
dule 3. (Omitted)
Whole document
imit the extent to which civil liability for breach of contract,
or
negligence or other breach of duty, can be avoided by
means of
ract terms and otherwise; and to restrict the
enforceability of
tration agreements. [1 December 1990] L. N. 38 of 1990
PART I PRELIMINARY
hort title
Ordinance may be cited as the Control of Exemption Clauses
Ordinance.
nterpretation and application
In this Ordinance--
iness" includes a profession and the activities of a public
body, a
ic authority, or a board, commission, committee or
other body
inted by the Governor or Government;
ds" has the same meaning as in the Sale of Goods Ordinance (Cap.
26);
ligence" means the breach--
of any obligation, arising from the express or implied terms
of a
ract, to take reasonable care or exercise reasonable skill
in the
ormance of the contract;
of any common law duty to take reasonable care or exercise
reasonable
l (but not any stricter duty);
of the common duty of care imposed by the Occupiers
Liability
nance (Cap. 314); "notice" includes an announcement, whether or
not in
hing, and any other communication or pretended communication;
sonal injury" includes any disease and any impairment of
physical or
al condition.
In the case of both contract and tort, sections 7 to 12 apply
(except
e the contrary is stated in section 11 (4)) only to
business
ility, that is liability for breach of obligations or duties
arising--
from things done or omitted to be done by a person in the course
of a
ness (whether his own business or another's); or
from the occupation of premises used for business purposes
of the
pier, and references to liability are to be read
accordingly; but
ility of an occupier of premises for breach of an obligation or
duty
rds a person obtaining access to the premises for
recreational or
ational purposes, being liability for loss or damage
suffered by
on of the dangerous state of the premises, is not a business
liability
he occupier unless granting that person such access for the
purposes
erned falls within the business purposes of the occupier.
In relation to any breach of duty or obligation, it is
immaterial
her the breach was inadvertent or intentional, or whether
liability
it arises directly or vicariously.
1977 c. 50 ss. 1&14 U. K.]
he "reasonableness" test
In relation to a contract term, the requirement of reasonableness
for
purposes of this Ordinance and section 4 of the
Misrepresentation
nance (Cap. 284) is satisfied only if the court or
arbitrator
rmines that the term was a fair and reasonable one to be
included
ng regard to the circumstances which were, or ought reasonably
to have
, known to or in the contemplation of the parties when the
contract
made.
In determining for the purposes of section 11 or 12 whether a
contract
satisfies the requirement of reasonableness, the court or
arbitrator
l have regard in particular to the matters specified in
Schedule 2;
this subsection does not prevent the court or arbitrator from
holding,
ccordance with any rule of law, that a term which purports to
exclude
estrict any relevant liability is not a term of the contract.
In relation to a notice (not being a notice having
contractual
ct), the requirement of reasonableness under this
Ordinance is
sfied only if the court or arbitrator determines that it would
be fair
reasonable to allow reliance on it, having regard to
all the
umstances obtaining when the liability arose or (but for the
notice)
d have arisen.
In determining (under this Ordinance or the
Misrepresentation
nance (Cap. 284)) whether a contract term or notice
satisfies the
irement of reasonableness, the court or arbitrator shall have
regard
articular (but without prejudice to subsection (2) to whether
(and, if
to what extent) the language in which the term or notice is
expressed
language understood by the person as against whom another
person
s to rely upon the term or notice.
Where by reference to a contract term or notice a person
seeks to
rict liability to a specified sum of money, and the question
arises
er this Ordinance or the Misrepresentation Ordinance (Cap.
284))
her the term or notice satisfies the requirement of
reasonableness,
court or arbitrator shall have regard in particular (but
without
udice to subsection (2) or (4)) to--
the resources which he could expect to be available to him for
the
ose of meeting the liability should it arise; and
how far it was open to him to cover himself by insurance.
It is for the person claiming that a contract term or notice
satisfies
requirement of reasonableness to prove that it does.
1977 c. 50 s. 11 U. K.]
Dealing as consumer"
A party to a contract "deals as consumer" in relation to another
party
he neither makes the contract in the course of a business nor
holds
elf out as doing so;
the other party does make the contract in the course of a
business;
in the case of a contract governed by the law of sale of goods
or by
ion 12, the goods passing under or in pursuance of the contract
are of
pe ordinarily supplied for private use or consumption.
Notwithstanding subsection (1), on a sale by auction or by
competitive
er the buyer is not in any circumstances to be regarded as dealing
as
umer.
It is for the person claiming that a party does not deal as
consumer
rove that he does not.
1977 c. 50 s. 12 U. K.]
arieties of exemption clause
To the extent that this Ordinance prevents the
exclusion or
riction of any liability it also prevents--
making the liability or its enforcement subject to
restrictive or
ous conditions;
excluding or restricting any right or remedy in respect
of the
ility, or subjecting a person to any prejudice in consequence of
his
uing any such right or remedy;
excluding or restricting rules of evidence or procedure, and (to
that
nt) sections 7, 10, 11 and 12 also prevent excluding or
restricting
ility by reference to terms and notices which exclude or
restrict
relevant obligation or duty.
An agreement in writing to submit present or future
differences to
tration is not to be treated under this Ordinance as
excluding or
ricting any liability. [cf. 1977 c. 50 s. 13 U. K.]
ower to amend Schedules 1 and 2
Legislative Council may by resolution amend Schedules 1 and 2.
PART II CONTROL OF EXEMPTION CLAUSES
dance of liability for negligence, breach of contract, etc.
egligence liability
A person cannot by reference to any contract term or to a notice
given
ersons generally or to particular persons exclude or
restrict his
ility for death or personal injury resulting from negligence.
In the case of other loss or damage, a person cannot so
exclude or
rict his liability for negligence except in so far as the
term or
ce satisfies the requirement of reasonableness.
Where a contract term or notice purports to exclude or
restrict
ility for negligence a person's agreement to or awareness of it
is not
tself to be taken as indicating his voluntary acceptance of any
risk.
1977 c. 50 s. 2 U. K.]
iability arising in contract
This section applies as between contracting parties where one of
them
s as consumer or on the other's written standard terms of
business.
As against that party, the other cannot by reference to any
contract
--
When himself in breach of contract, exclude or restrict any
liability
is in respect of the breach; or
claim to be entitled--
to render a contractual performance substantially different from
that
h was reasonably expected of him; or
in respect of the whole or any part of his contractual obligation,
to
er no performance at all,
pt in so far as (in any of the cases mentioned above
in this
ection) the contract term satisfies the requirement of
reasonableness.
1977 c. 50 s. 3 U. K.]
nreasonable indemnity clauses
A person dealing as consumer cannot by reference to any contract
term
ade to indemnify another person (whether a party to the
contract or
in respect of liability that may be incurred by the
other for
igence or breach of contract, except in so far as the contract
term
sfies the requirement of reasonableness.
This section applies whether the liability in question--
is directly that of the person to be indemnified or is incurred
by him
riously;
is to the person dealing as consumer or to someone else. [cf. 1977
c.
. 4 U. K.]
ility arising from sale or supply of goods
"Guarantee" of consumer goods
In the case of goods of a type ordinarily supplied for private
use or
umption, where loss or damage--
arises from the goods proving defective while in consumer use;
and
results from the negligence of a person concerned in the
manufacture
istribution of the goods, liability for the loss or damage
cannot be
uded or restricted by reference to any contract term or
notice
ained in or operating by reference to a guarantee of the goods.
For these purposes--
goods are to be regarded as "in consumer use" when a person is
using
, or has them in his possession for use, otherwise than
exclusively
the purposes of a business; and
anything in writing is a guarantee if it contains or
purports to
ain some promise or assurance (however worded or
presented) that
cts will be made good by complete or partial replacement,
or by
ir, monetary compensation or otherwise.
This section does not apply as between the parties to a contract
under
n pursuance of which possession or ownership of the goods passed.
1977 c. 50 s. 5 U. K.]
Seller's liability
Liability for breach of the obligations arising from section 14
of the
of Goods Ordinance (Cap. 26) (seller's implied undertakings
as to
e, etc.) cannot be excluded or restricted by reference to any
contract
.
As against a person dealing as consumer, liability for breach of
the
gations arising from section 15, 16 or 17 of the Sale of
Goods
nance (Cap. 26) (seller's implied undertakings as to
conformity of
s with description or sample, or as to their quality or fitness
for a
icular purpose) cannot be excluded or restricted by reference to
any
ract term.
As against a person dealing otherwise than as consumer, the
liability
ified in subsection (2) can be excluded or restricted by reference
to
ntract term, but only in so far as the term satisfies the
requirement
easonableness.
The liabilities referred to in this section are not only the
business
ilities defined by section 2 (2), but include those arising under
any
ract of sale of goods. [cf. 1977 c. 50 s. 6 U. K.]
Miscellaneous contracts under which goods pass
Where the possession or ownership of goods passes
under or in
uance of a contract not governed by the law of sale of
goods,
ection (2) to (4) apply in relation to the effect (if any) that
the
t or arbitrator is to give to contract terms excluding or
restricting
ility for breach of obligation arising by implication of law from
the
re of the contract.
As against a person dealing as consumer, liability in respect of
the
's correspondence with description or sample, or their
quality or
ess for any particular purpose, cannot be excluded or
restricted by
rence to any such term.
As against a person dealing otherwise than as consumer, that
liability
be excluded or restricted by reference to such a term, but only
in so
as the term satisfies the requirement of reasonableness.
Liability in respect of--
the right to transfer ownership of the goods, or give possession;
or
the assurance of quiet possession to a person taking
goods in
uance of the contract, cannot be excluded or restricted by
reference
ny such term except in so far as the term satisfies the requirement
of
onableness. [cf. 1977 c. 50 s. 7 U. K.]
r provisions about contracts
Effect of breach on "reasonableness" test
Where for reliance upon it a contract term has to
satisfy the
irement of reasonableness, it may be found to do so and be
given
ct accordingly notwithstanding that the contract has been
terminated
er by breach or by a party electing to treat it as repudiated.
Where on a breach the contract is nevertheless affirmed by a
party
tled to treat as repudiated, this does not of itself
exclude the
irement of reasonableness in relation to any contract term.
1977 c. 50 s. 9 U. K.]
Evasion by means of secondary contract
rson is not bound by any contract term prejudicing or taking
away
ts of his which arise under, or in connection with the performance
of,
her contract, so far as those rights extend to the
enforcement of
her's liability which this Ordinance prevents that
other from
uding or restricting.
1977 c. 50 s. 10 U. K.]
Arbitration agreements
As against a person dealing as consumer, an agreement to submit
future
erences to arbitration cannot be enforced except--
with his written consent signified after the differences in
question
arisen; or
where he has himself had recourse to arbitration in pursuance of
the
ement in respect of any differences.
Subsection (1) does not affect--
the enforcement of an international arbitration agreement
within the
ing of section 2 (1) of the Arbitration Ordinance (Cap. 341);
laced 76 of 1990 s. 2)
the resolution of differences arising under any contract so far
as it
by virtue of Schedule 1, excluded from the operation of section
7, 8,
12.
PART III CIRCUMSTANCES WHERE CONTROL DOES NOT APPLY
International supply contracts
The limits imposed by this Ordinance on the extent to which a
person
exclude or restrict liability by reference to a contract term do
not
y to liability arising under an international supply contract.
The terms of an international supply contract are not subject to
any
irement of reasonableness under section 8 or 9.
For the purposes of this section, an international supply
contract
s a contract--
that is either a contract of sale of goods or a contract under
or in
uance of which the possession or ownership of goods passes;
that is made by parties whose places of business (or, if they
have
, habitual residences) are in the territories of different
States or
in and outside Hong Kong; and
in the case of which--
the goods in question are, at the time of the conclusion
of the
ract, in the course of carriage, or will be carried,
from the
itory of one State to the territory of another, or to or from
Hong
from or to a place outside Hong Kong; or
the acts constituting the offer and acceptance have been done in
the
itories of different States or in and outside Hong Kong; or
) the contract provides for the goods to be delivered to the
territory
State other than that within whose territory the acts
constituting
offer and acceptance were done; or
the acts constituting the offer and acceptance were done in Hong
Kong
the contract provides for the goods to be delivered outside Hong
Kong;
the acts constituting the offer and acceptance were done outside
Hong
and the contract provides for the goods to be delivered to Hong
Kong.
1977 c. 50 s. 26 U. K.]
Choice of law clauses
Where the proper law of a contract is the law of Hong Kong only
by
ce of the parties (and apart from that choice would be the law
of some
r country) sections 7 to 12 do not operate as part of the proper
law.
This Ordinance has effect notwithstanding any contract
term which
ies or purports to apply the law of some other country, where
(either
oth)--
the term appears to the court or arbitrator to have been
imposed
ly or mainly for the purpose of enabling the party imposing
it to
e the operation of this Ordinance; or
in the making of the contract one of the parties dealt as
consumer,
he was then habitually resident in Hong Kong, and the essential
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温州市人民代表大会常务委员会任免国家机关工作人员办法
浙江省温州市人大常委会
温州市人民代表大会常务委员会任免国家机关工作人员办法
(2000年1月26日温州市第九届人民代表大会常务委员会第十三次会议通过 2003年6月30日温州市第十届人民代表大会常务委员会第二次会议第一次修订 2009年12月30日温州市第十一届人民代表大会常务委员会第二十一次会议第二次修订)
第一章 总 则
第一条 为保证温州市人民代表大会常务委员会(以下简称市人大常委会)依法行使人事任免权,根据《中华人民共和国各级人民代表大会常务委员会监督法》、《中华人民共和国地方各级人民代表大会和地方各级人民政府组织法》、《中华人民共和国各级人民法院组织法》、《中华人民共和国各级人民检察院组织法》等法律的有关规定,结合本市实际,制定本办法。
第二条 市人大常委会行使人事任免权,应当全面贯彻革命化、年轻化、知识化、专业化方针,坚持德才兼备原则,充分发扬民主,严格依法办事。
第三条 市人大常委会依照法律行使下列人事任免权:
(一)决定任免。在市人民代表大会闭会期间,决定市人民政府个别副市长的任免;决定属于市人民政府组成人员的秘书长、局长、委员会主任的任免,报省人民政府备案。
(二)任免。任免市人大常委会代表资格审查委员会的主任委员、副主任委员、委员,代表资格审查委员会组成人员的人选,必须在市人大常委会组成人员中提名;任免市人大常委会副秘书长、办公室主任、副主任、研究室主任、副主任、工作委员会主任、副主任、委员;在市人民代表大会闭会期间,任免市人民代表大会专门委员会个别副主任委员和部分委员,市人民代表大会各专门委员会组成人员的人选,必须在市人民代表大会代表中提名;任免市中级人民法院副院长、审判委员会委员、庭长、副庭长、审判员;任免市人民检察院副检察长、检察委员会委员、检察员。
(三)批准任免和批准辞职。批准任免县(市、区)人民检察院检察长,批准县(市、区)人民检察院检察长的辞职。
(四)推选和决定代理人选。在市人民代表大会闭会期间,市人大常委会主任因故不能工作或者缺位时,由市人大常委会在其副主任中推选一人代理主任职务;市人民政府、市中级人民法院、市人民检察院的正职领导人员因故不能担任职务时,从其副职领导人员中决定代理人选。
决定代理检察长,须报省人民检察院和省人大常委会备案。
(五)撤销职务。在市人民代表大会闭会期间,决定撤销市人民政府个别副市长的职务;决定撤销属于市人民政府组成人员的秘书长、局长、委员会主任的职务;决定撤销市中级人民法院副院长、审判委员会委员、庭长、副庭长、审判员的职务;决定撤销市人民检察院副检察长、检察委员会委员、检察员的职务。
(六)接受辞职。在市人民代表大会闭会期间,接受市人大常委会组成人员和市人民代表大会各专门委员会组成人员的辞职;接受市人民政府市长、副市长、市中级人民法院院长、市人民检察院检察长的辞职。上述人员的辞职,应报市人民代表大会备案。市人民检察院检察长的辞职,须报经省人民检察院检察长提请省人大常委会批准。
第四条 市人大常委会行使人事任免权的程序:提请人事任免案、主任会议讨论、常委会会议审议、表决通过、公布并颁发任命书。
第二章 提请人事任免案
第五条 提请市人大常委会的人事任免案,应当由提请机关正职领导人员签署,一般应在市人大常委会举行会议的7日前提请,市人大常委会任前公示的拟任人员,一般应在市人大常委会举行会议的15日前提请,市人大常委会有关委室及时通报市人大常委会组成人员。
第六条 人事任免案依法按如下分类提请:
(一)市人大常委会主任、市人民政府市长、市中级人民法院院长、市人民检察院检察长的推选和决定代理人选案,由市人大常委会主任会议提请。
(二)市人大常委会副秘书长、办公室主任、副主任、研究室主任、副主任、工作委员会主任、副主任、委员的任免案,市人民代表大会专门委员会个别副主任委员和部分委员的任免案,由市人大常委会主任会议提请。
(三)市人民政府副市长、秘书长、局长、委员会主任的任免或撤职案,由市人民政府市长提请。
(四)市中级人民法院副院长、审判委员会委员、庭长、副庭长、审判员的任免或撤职案,由市中级人民法院院长提请。
(五)市人民检察院副检察长、检察委员会委员、检察员的任免或撤职案,县(市、区)人民检察院检察长的批准任免案和批准辞职案,由市人民检察院检察长提请。
第七条 提请人事任免案的,须提供拟任免人员的基本情况、主要简历、考察材料及其他应说明的材料。
提请机关提供的有关材料应当反映拟任命人员的思想政治素质、业务能力、法律知识和法制观念等情况。
市人大常委会组织对拟任人员进行任前法律知识考试。考试成绩向市人大常委会主任会议报告,并通报提请任命的机关。对未经市人大常委会批准,无故不参加考试或考试成绩不及格的,不提请当次会议任命。
第八条 市人大常委会组成人员、市人民代表大会专门委员会组成人员、市人民政府市长、副市长、市中级人民法院院长、市人民检察院检察长的辞职,由本人向市人大常委会呈送辞职报告。
第九条 市人大常委会主任会议,可以向市人大常委会提出本办法第三条第五项所列国家机关工作人员的撤职案。
市人大常委会五分之一以上的组成人员书面联名,可以向市人大常委会提出对本办法第三条第五项所列国家机关工作人员的撤职案,由主任会议决定是否提请市人大常委会会议审议;或者由主任会议提议,经全体会议决定,组织调查委员会,由以后的市人大常委会会议根据调查委员会的报告审议决定。
撤职案应当写明撤职的对象和理由,并提供有关的材料。
撤职案在提请表决前,被提出撤销职务的人员有权在市人大常委会会议上提出申辩意见,或者书面提出申辩意见,由主任会议决定印发市人大常委会会议。
第三章 讨论和审议
第十条 提请市人大常委会审议的人事任免案,应先由主任会议听取有关部门对拟任免或撤职人员的情况介绍。如情况不明、材料不齐,由提请机关负责查清情况,补充或重新报送材料。
第十一条 市人大常委会主任会议通过讨论,决定是否将人事任免案提交市人大常委会会议审议。
第十二条 人事任免案须由提请机关负责人宣读,并作说明。在市人大常委会会议审议时,提请机关应派员到会回答询问,说明情况。必要时,拟任人员应当到会与市人大常委会组成人员见面。
第十三条 人事任免案提出后至市人大常委会会议前,有反映拟任免人员重大问题的,提请机关应当向主任会议或市人大常委会提出调查核实情况报告。
市人大常委会在审议人事任免案过程中,发现拟任免人员有足以影响其任免的重要问题,提请机关应当尽快调查核实,提出书面报告。会议期间难以查清的,经主任会议提出,市人大常委会会议同意,可以暂不交付表决。问题查清后,提请机关应当提出书面报告,再由主任会议决定是否提交市人大常委会下次会议审议。
列入市人大常委会会议议程的人事任免案,在交付表决前,提请机关书面要求撤回的,对该任免案的审议即行终止。
第四章 表决通过
第十四条 经过审议的人事任免案,提交市人大常委会全体会议表决。
第十五条 市人大常委会会议表决人事任免案,采用无记名投票的方式。
人事任免案应当逐人表决,根据情况也可以合并表决。
第十六条 市人大常委会会议表决的人事任免案,以市人大常委会全体组成人员的过半数通过。
表决结果由会议主持人当场宣布。
第十七条 对提请市人大常委会任命而未获得通过的人选,可以再次提请任命,但不得在当次常委会会议重复提请。经两次表决未获得通过的人选,在本届人大常委会任期内,不得再提请任命同一职务。
第五章 公布和监督
第十八条 市人大常委会通过的人事任免案,由市人大常委会发文,并在《温州市人民代表大会常务委员会公报》、温州人大门户网站和《温州日报》上刊登。
第十九条 市人大常委会任命的国家机关工作人员,由市人大常委会颁发任命书,也可以委托提请机关代发任命书。
任命书由市人大常委会主任签署。
第二十条 由市人大常委会任命的国家机关工作人员,在市人大常委会会议审议通过之前,不得先行到职,不得对外公布。
第二十一条 市人民代表大会换届后,市人民政府市长应当在两个月内提请市人大常委会任命新一届市人民政府组成人员。
市人大常委会应当重新任命其副秘书长、办公室主任、副主任、研究室主任、副主任、各工作委员会的组成人员。上述人员如未被重新任命的,其原任职务自然免除,不再办理法律免职手续。
市人大常委会任命的市中级人民法院和市人民检察院的人员,职务没有变动的,不再重新任命。
市人大常委会任命的国家机关工作人员,因工作机构名称改变的,应当重新任命;因工作机构撤销的,应当办理免职手续。
市人大常委会任命的国家机关工作人员离职或退休的,应当提请免除其职务。
第二十二条 市人大常委会可以通过听取和审议专项工作报告、执法检查、提出询问和质询案、组织特定问题调查、审议和决定撤职案等方式,对被任命国家机关工作人员的工作情况,进行法律监督和工作监督。
第二十三条 市人大常委会受理公民和单位对被任命的国家机关工作人员的检举、揭发和控告,并依照法律处理。
第二十四条 市人大常委会任命的国家机关工作人员受刑事追究或行政处分的,处理机关应当及时报市人大常委会。
第六章 附 则
第二十五条 本市出席省人民代表大会的代表的补选、辞职、罢免,按照代表法、选举法有关规定执行。
第二十六条 市人大常委会代表工作委员会负责办理有关人事任免案的具体事务。
第二十七条 本办法经市人大常委会会议通过后施行。